Research Experiences & Interests

When I was a graduate student at Kyoto Univerisity (1993 - 1997) I studied solar flares with focus on the dynamic aspect of flares. Flares are a transient phenomenon on the Sun, releasing a huge amount of energy and sometimes causing a dramatic change of coronal structure. Detailed observations of flares are necessary for the understanding of physical processes operating in flares. In my case, the satellite Yohkoh (1991 - 2001) made a lot of contributions to my study by providing the key information on solar plasma during a flare, such as cusp-shaped loop structure, eruptive plasmoid, and loop-top source. Owing to its high spatial and temporal resolutions compared to previous satellites, Yohkoh had given us a lot of images showing rapid evolution of flares, which acutually prompted me to study the dynamic aspect of flares. In order to make a good comparison between theory and observation, I performed multi-dimensional numerical simulations which help us study nonlinear evolution of solar plasma during a flare.

Flares have been an important object of study in the solar physics for a long time, so several theoretical models have been proposed to explain observed nature of flares. The subject of my Ph.D. thesis is to develop a flare model known as 'CSHKP model', by using new results obtained by Yohkoh. Yohkoh discovered that an energetic source is formed at the top of a soft X-ray coronal loop (loop-top source) not only in LDE (Long Duration Event) flares but also in impulsive flares. By performing MHD numerical simulations, I investigated how the loop-top source is formed and maintained during a flare. (Magara et al. 1996; figure 1). Yohkoh also used high temporal resolution to successfully observe plasmoid eruption into the interplanetary space in several flares. Based on this observational result, we studied the driving mechanism for plasmoid eruption (Magara, Shibata, and Yokoyama 1997, Magara and Shibata 1999).

The main phase of flares that releases a sufficient amount of free energy has drawn my scientific curiosity, while I am also interested in the preflare phase during which the free energy is accumulated. After taking a doctor degree of physics from Kyoto University, I moved to Hida Observatory (1998 - 2000), where I studied photospheric gas motions around a dark filament because these motions have been suggested to play an important role in building up free energy. By applying LCT (Local Correlation Tracking) method to a time series of G-band data, I obtained the map of photospheric flow which was then compared with an Halpha image of the filament (Magara and Kitai 1999; figure 2). Such a photospheric flow map obtained by LCT method could be used to give the realistic photospheric boundary condition of a numerical simulation, by which we can tell how coronal structure evolves in response to photospheric motions.

Magnetic flux emergence is also an important subject of my researches, which carries a bunch of magnetic fields from the solar interior to the solar atmosphere. It has been suggested that the magnetic field forms a bundle of slender flux tubes below the photosphere. When these flux tubes emerge into the atmosphere they start to expand dynamically because the gas pressure surrounding the flux tube decreases abruptly across the photosphere. In order to investigate these highly dynamic processes, MHD numerical simulation has proven to be a useful tool. It reproduces the dynamic nature of flux emergence such as rapid transition from the confined state to expanded state of emerging magnetic field. I first studied two-dimensional evolution of flux emergence (Magara 2001; figure 3), then developed a three-dimensional numerical code to study it in more general environment. These studies have revealed various aspects of flux emergence, such as the formation of sigmoidal structure in the corona (Magara and Longcope 2001, Magara 2004; figure 4), injection of magnetic energy and magnetic helicity into the atmosphere (Magara and Longcope 2003), and dynamic nature of emerging field lines (Magara 2004).


The following is a list of my current research interests.

• Interaction between an emerging flux tube and preexisting coronal field
  In the past I investigated the evolution of a single flux tube emerging into the corona where there is no magnetic field outside the flux tube. However the interaction between the emerging flux tube and preexisting coronal field is very important for studying various activities on the Sun, such as X-ray bright points, flares, filament eruptions, and CMEs (coronal mass ejections). movie
  
  
• Waves generated by an eruptive plasmoid
  A plasmoid ejected from the Sun produces various kinds of waves in the solar atmosphere, including strong shock waves. It is interesting to study the relation between these plasmoid-driven waves and various observed waves such as Moreton waves, EIT waves, and coronal type II radio bursts (Magara et al. 2000).
  
  
• Formation of three-dimensional coronal current sheets
  A three-dimensional current sheet appears in the intermediate region between different magnetic domains, showing much more complicated structure than a two-dimensional current sheet. Clarifying the formation process of 3D current sheets is important for predicting when and where energetic events occur in the corona (Longcope and Magara 2004). movie
  
  
• What makes a filament active? (Space Weahter)
  This topic is related to the initiation of CMEs and therefore it is important for space weather. It is my deep interest to understand the configuration of flow and magnetic field leading to filament eruption.
  
  
• Thermodynamical evolution of coronal loops
  Flux emergence simulations have demonstrated that emerging magnetic field expands into the solar atmosphere, forming the skeleton of coronal magnetic structure. The next step of this study is to understand how some portions of the coronal structure are illuminated to appear as bright coronal loops, which requires the detailed investigations into thermodynamical processes in individual coronal loops.

Magara, T. 2004 ApJ, 605, 480
"A Model for Dynamic Evolution of Emerging Magnetic Fields in the Sun" movie

Longcope, D. W. & Magara, T. 2004, ApJ, 608, 1106
"A Comparison of the Minimum Current Crona to a Magnetohydrostatic Simulation of Quasi-static Coronal Evolution"

Magara, T. & Longcope, D. W. 2003, ApJ, 586, 630
"Injection of Magnetic Energy and Magnetic Helicity into the Solar Atmosphere by an Emerging Magnetic Flux Tube"

Magara, T. & Longcope, D. W. 2001, ApJ, 559, L55
"Sigmoid Structure of an Emerging Flux Tube"

Magara, T. 2001, ApJ, 549, 608
"Dynamics of Emerging Flux Tubes in the Sun"

Magara, T., Chen, P. F., Shibata, K., & Yokoyama, T. 2000, ApJ, 538, L175
"A Unified Model of Coronal Mass Ejection-related Type II Radio Bursts"

Magara, T. & Kitai, R. 1999, ApJ, 524, 469
"Photospheric and Chromospheric Gas Motions around a Dark Filament"

Magara, T. & Shibata, K. 1999 ApJ, 514, 456
"Evolution of Eruptive Flares. II. The Occurrence of Locally Enhanced Resistivity"

Magara, T., Shibata, K., & Yokoyama, T. 1997, ApJ, 487, 437
"Evolution of Eruptive Flares. I. Plasmoid Dynamics in Eruptive Flares"

Magara, T., Mineshige, S., Yokoyama, T., & Shibata, K. 1996, ApJ, 466, 1054
"Numerical Simulation of Magnetic Reconnection in Eruptive Flares"