Electron acceleration and hard X-ray emission from SOL2013-11-09
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Until now it has not been clear exactly where the electron acceleration region | Until now it has not been clear exactly where the electron acceleration region | ||
is located during the flare energy release. | is located during the flare energy release. | ||
- | It is usually considered that electrons are accelerated in the corona. | + | It is usually considered that electrons are accelerated in the |
- | In particular, they can be accelerated in the region of the | + | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona solar corona]. |
+ | In particular, they can be accelerated in the region of the top | ||
+ | of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_loop magnetic loop] structure | ||
(models with a compact acceleration region) or in the whole loop | (models with a compact acceleration region) or in the whole loop | ||
(models with an extended acceleration region). | (models with an extended acceleration region). | ||
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This Nugget is devoted to the analysis of the hard X-ray emission | This Nugget is devoted to the analysis of the hard X-ray emission | ||
from different parts of a flare loop based on RHESSI observations | from different parts of a flare loop based on RHESSI observations | ||
- | for the well-studied solar flare | + | for the well-studied solar flare |
+ | [http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/browser/?show=grth1+grth3+qlpcr+qli02+qli04+fergo+rms4a&date=20131109&time=062609&bar=1 SOL2013-11-09 (C1.2)] [1,2]. | ||
=== Relationships between hard X-ray emissions from different === | === Relationships between hard X-ray emissions from different === | ||
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The RHESSI imaging appears to resolve this looptop source as a | The RHESSI imaging appears to resolve this looptop source as a | ||
- | dense [1], [2] | + | dense structure [1], [2], with estimates of n<sub>e</sub> ~ 3 x 10<sup>11</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup> |
and a characteristic size L ~ 9-18 arcsec. | and a characteristic size L ~ 9-18 arcsec. | ||
- | These | + | These estimates apply at the time of maximum of the hard X-ray emission (06:25:41~UT) |
in terms of the simultaneous | in terms of the simultaneous | ||
[http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/solar_b/ Hinode]/[http://solarb.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/SolarB/Solar-B.jsp EIS] | [http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/solar_b/ Hinode]/[http://solarb.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/SolarB/Solar-B.jsp EIS] | ||
observations [1]. | observations [1]. | ||
The high plasma density suggests that accelerated | The high plasma density suggests that accelerated | ||
- | electrons | + | electrons must lose the kinetic energy quite rapidly while |
propagating from the looptop to the footpoints. | propagating from the looptop to the footpoints. | ||
In particular, supposing the | In particular, supposing the | ||
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magnetic field and the electron velocity μ = 0.5, we find that | magnetic field and the electron velocity μ = 0.5, we find that | ||
accelerated electrons will be collisionaly stopped in the coronal | accelerated electrons will be collisionaly stopped in the coronal | ||
- | part of a flare loop if their energy | + | part of a flare loop if their energy E < E<sub>loop</sub> ~ 10 (N<sub>19</sub>/μ)<sup>1/2</sup> = 45-63 keV, |
- | E<sub>loop</sub> ~ 10< | + | where N<sub>19</sub> = 10<sup>19</sup>N |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
The relationship between the spectral fluxes of hard X-ray | The relationship between the spectral fluxes of hard X-ray | ||
emission at the coronal part $I_{lp}$ and the footpoints $I_{fp}$ | emission at the coronal part $I_{lp}$ and the footpoints $I_{fp}$ | ||
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[5] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SoPh..290.3559Z "Particle acceleration and plasma heating in the chromosphere"] | [5] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SoPh..290.3559Z "Particle acceleration and plasma heating in the chromosphere"] | ||
- | [6] [1998ARep...42..275T "The stochastic acceleration of upper chromospheric electrons"] | + | [6] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ARep...42..275T "The stochastic acceleration of upper chromospheric electrons"] |
Revision as of 19:30, 3 May 2016
Nugget | |
---|---|
Number: | 273 |
1st Author: | Yuri Tsap |
2nd Author: | Galina Motorina |
Published: | 5 May 2016 |
Next Nugget: | Non-thermal recombination radiation |
Previous Nugget: | Extreme events |
List all |
Introduction
The acceleration of high-energy particles has long been recognized as one of the fundamental characteristics of a solar flare.
Until now it has not been clear exactly where the electron acceleration region is located during the flare energy release. It is usually considered that electrons are accelerated in the solar corona. In particular, they can be accelerated in the region of the top of a magnetic loop structure (models with a compact acceleration region) or in the whole loop (models with an extended acceleration region). In our view, we can shed light on this issue based on the relationship between hard X-ray emissions from the coronal part (looptop) of a flare loop and its footpoints.
This Nugget is devoted to the analysis of the hard X-ray emission from different parts of a flare loop based on RHESSI observations for the well-studied solar flare SOL2013-11-09 (C1.2) [1,2].
Relationships between hard X-ray emissions from different
The hard X-ray images (Figure 1) of the solar flare SOL2013-11-09 (C2.6) show three sources [1]. One of them was located between two others and characterized by the strong hard X-ray emission dominated in some time intervals. This appears to correspond to the looptop.
The RHESSI imaging appears to resolve this looptop source as a dense structure [1], [2], with estimates of ne ~ 3 x 1011 cm-3 and a characteristic size L ~ 9-18 arcsec. These estimates apply at the time of maximum of the hard X-ray emission (06:25:41~UT) in terms of the simultaneous Hinode/EIS observations [1]. The high plasma density suggests that accelerated electrons must lose the kinetic energy quite rapidly while propagating from the looptop to the footpoints. In particular, supposing the coronal loop column density 1-2 x 1020 cm-2, and that the cosine between the direction of the magnetic field and the electron velocity μ = 0.5, we find that accelerated electrons will be collisionaly stopped in the coronal part of a flare loop if their energy E < Eloop ~ 10 (N19/μ)1/2 = 45-63 keV, where N19 = 1019N
The relationship between the spectral fluxes of hard X-ray emission at the coronal part $I_{lp}$ and the footpoints $I_{fp}$ as it follows from the collisional thick target model can be represented as [3]
where B(a, b, c) is an incomplete beta function and delta is the spectral index of the electrons. Then, adopting delta = 5.6 and Eloop = 0.5, we find Ilp/ Ifp ~ 11. The estimate thus obtained contradicts the observed intensities of the hard X-ray sources in the energy range 23.0-27.5 keV (see Fig.1) and demonstrates that the standard solar flare model requires at least some modifications.
Conclusions
The discrepancy between the model estimates and hard X-ray observations suggests that electron acceleration can occur not only in the coronal part of a loop but also in the footpoints. This inference well agrees well with the idea of re-acceleration [4] as well as the solar flare model proposed by Zaitsev and Stepanov [5]; see also [6]. Note that an extended acceleration region in the corona does not significantly improve the relationship (1) since the generation of the hard X-ray emission in the coronal part will be more effective in this case.
[1] "Direct observation of the energy release site in a solar flare by SDO/AIA, Hinode/EIS, and RHESSI"
[2] "Impulsive heating of solar flare ribbons above 10 MK"
[3] "A coronal thick-target interpretation of two hard X-ray loop events"
[4] "Local re-acceleration and a modified thick target model of solar flare electrons"
[5] "Particle acceleration and plasma heating in the chromosphere"
[6] "The stochastic acceleration of upper chromospheric electrons"
RHESSI Nugget Date | 5 May 2016 + |
RHESSI Nugget First Author | Yuri Tsap + |
RHESSI Nugget Index | 273 + |
RHESSI Nugget Second Author | Galina Motorina + |