https://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Observation_of_Cosmic_Ray_Spallation_Events_from_SoHO&feed=atom&action=historyObservation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO - Revision history2024-03-28T09:16:43ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.0https://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Observation_of_Cosmic_Ray_Spallation_Events_from_SoHO&diff=10758&oldid=prevSchriste at 17:57, 22 August 20182018-08-22T17:57:00Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 17:57, 22 August 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|second_author = Ehsan Tavabi</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|second_author = Ehsan Tavabi</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|publish_date = 7 May 2018</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|publish_date = 7 May 2018</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget= [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/To_beam_or_not_to_beam_-_that_is_(still)_the_question To beam or not...</del>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{#ask: [</ins>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Category</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nugget</ins>]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::323]]}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget=[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/A_Sunspot_from_Cycle_25_for_sure First Cycle 25 Sunspot</del>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{#ask: </ins>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[Category</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::321]</ins>]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
</table>Schristehttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Observation_of_Cosmic_Ray_Spallation_Events_from_SoHO&diff=10384&oldid=prevHhudson at 20:52, 12 May 20182018-05-12T20:52:49Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 20:52, 12 May 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|second_author = Ehsan Tavabi</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|second_author = Ehsan Tavabi</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|publish_date = 7 May 2018</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|publish_date = 7 May 2018</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TBD</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget= <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/To_beam_or_not_to_beam_-_that_is_(still)_the_question To beam or not...]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget=[http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/A_Sunspot_from_Cycle_25_for_sure First Cycle 25 Sunspot]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget=[http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/A_Sunspot_from_Cycle_25_for_sure First Cycle 25 Sunspot]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Observation_of_Cosmic_Ray_Spallation_Events_from_SoHO&diff=10365&oldid=prevHhudson: author's corrections2018-04-30T20:58:18Z<p>author's corrections</p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 20:58, 30 April 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>field, though, and propagate almost on straight lines. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>field, though, and propagate almost on straight lines. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Such very </del>high-energy particles can also initiate showers in the </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Very </ins>high-energy particles can also initiate showers in the </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device CCD] detectors</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device CCD] detectors</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>of the [https://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil LASCO] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>of the [https://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil LASCO] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 63:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 63:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[File:322f1.png|650px|thumb|center|Figure 1: </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[File:322f1.png|650px|thumb|center|Figure 1: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The "snowstorm" appearance of SEP interactions with the LASCO CCDs,</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The "snowstorm" appearance of SEP interactions with the LASCO CCDs,</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>as seen for the famous "Bastille Day"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </del>flare of 2014,</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>as seen for the famous "Bastille Day" flare of 2014,</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/Bastille_Day_2017 SOL2000-07-14]. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/Bastille_Day_2017 SOL2000-07-14]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 82:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 82:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>corona, its primary purpose; right, a blowup of the spallation site within</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>corona, its primary purpose; right, a blowup of the spallation site within</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>the CCD.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>the CCD.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">We interpret the very long track extending </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the left </del>as the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">incoming</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The incoming particle is supposed </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">come </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shown by </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">red arrow, at a small angle</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">particle, which in this unusual case was almost perfectly tangential </del>to the </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>to the flat surface of the CCD.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>flat surface of the CCD.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 93:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 92:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>track.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>track.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Many aspects of this event point to a primary particle energy on the order</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Many aspects of this event point to a primary particle energy on the order</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>of 10<sup><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14</del></sup> eV in energy (100 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TeV</del>). </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>of 10<sup><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">11</ins></sup> eV in energy (100 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GeV</ins>). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Such an energetic particle would, in the Earth's atmosphere, typically </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Such an energetic particle would, in the Earth's atmosphere, typically </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>launch an extensive air shower.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>launch an extensive air shower.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 111:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 110:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>We note that these sensors can also record lower-energy cosmic rays via "single-event upset" </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>We note that these sensors can also record lower-energy cosmic rays via "single-event upset" </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>([http://holbert.faculty.asu.edu/eee560/see.html SEU]) statistics.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>([http://holbert.faculty.asu.edu/eee560/see.html SEU]) statistics.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>These events correlate very well with ground-based observations with neutron monitors and follow the modulation pattern that they show over the solar cycle (Ref. [2]), and so they reflect primaries in the GeV energy range, rather than the multi-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TeV </del>energies we estimate</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>These events correlate very well with ground-based observations with neutron monitors and follow the modulation pattern that they show over the solar cycle (Ref. [2]), and so they reflect primaries in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MeV and up to </ins>GeV energy range, rather than the multi-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GeV </ins>energies we estimate for the LASCO spallation events.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>for the LASCO spallation events.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[1] "Observation of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">galactic cosmic ray spallation events </del>from the SoHO</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[1] "Observation of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Galactic Cosmic Ray Spallation Events </ins>from the SoHO</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mission </del>20-Year <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">operation </del>of LASCO"</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mission </ins>20-Year <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Operation </ins>of LASCO" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(in press in MNRAS, 2018).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[2] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CEAB...39..109C "Solar and Galactic Cosmic Rays Observed by SOHO"]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[2] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CEAB...39..109C "Solar and Galactic Cosmic Rays Observed by SOHO"]</div></td></tr>
</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Observation_of_Cosmic_Ray_Spallation_Events_from_SoHO&diff=10364&oldid=prevHhudson at 13:20, 30 April 20182018-04-30T13:20:14Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:20, 30 April 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 13:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 13:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray Galactic cosmic rays]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray Galactic cosmic rays]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>constitute a major component of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Universe</del>,</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>constitute a major component of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Milky Way</ins>,</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>and consist of ultrarelativistic particles in a broad power-law spectrum</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>and consist of ultrarelativistic particles in a broad power-law spectrum</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>with an almost isotropic distribution.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>with an almost isotropic distribution.</div></td></tr>
</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Observation_of_Cosmic_Ray_Spallation_Events_from_SoHO&diff=10363&oldid=prevHhudson at 13:19, 30 April 20182018-04-30T13:19:27Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:19, 30 April 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Introduction == </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Introduction == </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cosmic ray </del>Galactic cosmic rays]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray Galactic cosmic rays]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>constitute a major component of the Universe,</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>constitute a major component of the Universe,</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>and consist of ultrarelativistic particles in a broad power-law spectrum</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>and consist of ultrarelativistic particles in a broad power-law spectrum</div></td></tr>
</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Observation_of_Cosmic_Ray_Spallation_Events_from_SoHO&diff=10362&oldid=prevHhudson: completed draft entry for 3222018-04-30T09:42:54Z<p>completed draft entry for 322</p>
<table style="background-color: white; color:black;">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr valign='top'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 09:42, 30 April 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 17:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 17:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>with an almost isotropic distribution.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>with an almost isotropic distribution.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Their significance can be judged from the fact that their energy density </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Their significance can be judged from the fact that their energy density </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>in interstellar space exceeds that of starlight or the </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>in interstellar space exceeds that of starlight or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of </ins>the </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[microwave background].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background cosmic </ins>microwave background].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>When a cosmic-ray particle arrives at the top of Earth's atmosphere, </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>When a cosmic-ray particle arrives at the top of Earth's atmosphere, </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>it will interact with the nucleus of an atom in the air, likely to</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>it will interact with the nucleus of an atom in the air, likely to</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 24:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 24:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_shower_(physics) shower] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_shower_(physics) shower] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>of secondary particles at tens of km altitude.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>of secondary particles at tens of km altitude.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Typically, </del>this first interaction <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is often </del>a nuclear reaction known as a</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Occasionally </ins>this first interaction <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">will be </ins>a nuclear reaction known as a</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation spallation] reaction, </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation spallation] reaction, </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>in which the target nucleus disrupts into various components, all </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>in which the target nucleus disrupts into various components, all </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>themselves with high energies.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>themselves with high energies<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, in the form of a "star" of particle tracks</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The primary cosmic rays themselves can never be directly measured except </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The primary cosmic rays themselves can never be directly measured except </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>outside the Earth's atmosphere because of these interactions.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>outside the Earth's atmosphere because of these interactions.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 98:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 98:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Discussion ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Discussion ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 3 shows a library of spallation events as seen by the LASCO CCDs.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These sensors have small areas and are thin, and have coronal images (left panel of Figure 2) competing with the </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cosmic-ray signals, so they are in no way optimal for cosmic-ray detection.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On the other hand they, and other pixel detectors in space, produce many images and thus offer substantial exposure for the</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">detection of spallation events, together with the ability to record tracks for characterizing them.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:322f3.png|500px|thumb|center|Figure 3:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A library of spallation events as seen in the LASCO C2 (red) and C3 (blue) CCDs.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">We note that these sensors can also record lower-energy cosmic rays via "single-event upset" </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">([http://holbert.faculty.asu.edu/eee560/see.html SEU]) statistics.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These events correlate very well with ground-based observations with neutron monitors and follow the modulation pattern that they show over the solar cycle (Ref. [2]), and so they reflect primaries in the GeV energy range, rather than the multi-TeV energies we estimate</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for the LASCO spallation events.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 104:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 120:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[1] "Observation of galactic cosmic ray spallation events from the SoHO</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[1] "Observation of galactic cosmic ray spallation events from the SoHO</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>mission 20-Year operation of LASCO"</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>mission 20-Year operation of LASCO"</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[2] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CEAB...39..109C "Solar and Galactic Cosmic Rays Observed by SOHO"]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Observation_of_Cosmic_Ray_Spallation_Events_from_SoHO&diff=10360&oldid=prevHhudson: First part of 322 draft2018-04-29T21:50:56Z<p>First part of 322 draft</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Infobox Nugget<br />
|name = Nugget<br />
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO <br />
|number = 322<br />
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy <br />
|second_author = Ehsan Tavabi<br />
|publish_date = 7 May 2018<br />
|next_nugget= TBD<br />
|previous_nugget=[http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/A_Sunspot_from_Cycle_25_for_sure First Cycle 25 Sunspot]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Introduction == <br />
<br />
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray cosmic ray Galactic cosmic rays]<br />
constitute a major component of the Universe,<br />
and consist of ultrarelativistic particles in a broad power-law spectrum<br />
with an almost isotropic distribution.<br />
Their significance can be judged from the fact that their energy density <br />
in interstellar space exceeds that of starlight or the <br />
[microwave background].<br />
When a cosmic-ray particle arrives at the top of Earth's atmosphere, <br />
it will interact with the nucleus of an atom in the air, likely to<br />
be N or O, and produce a <br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_shower_(physics) shower] <br />
of secondary particles at tens of km altitude.<br />
Typically, this first interaction is often a nuclear reaction known as a<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation spallation] reaction, <br />
in which the target nucleus disrupts into various components, all <br />
themselves with high energies.<br />
The primary cosmic rays themselves can never be directly measured except <br />
outside the Earth's atmosphere because of these interactions.<br />
The cosmic rays approach the Earth and other planets in a complex pattern of <br />
[rigidity] <br />
dependence, depending on the particle's momentum and the magnetic<br />
field strength.<br />
At the highest particle energies the primary particles ignore the magnetic<br />
field, though, and propagate almost on straight lines. <br />
<br />
Such very high-energy particles can also initiate showers in the <br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device CCD] detectors<br />
of the [https://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil LASCO] <br />
instrument of the ESA/NASA Solar-Heliosphysical Observatory<br />
([https://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov SoHO]).<br />
In such a case the image shows the tracks of various secondary particles<br />
resulting from the initial spallation reaction may appear in the <br />
snapshot image recorded by the <br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device CCD] image detector.<br />
We have found many LASCO images with such records, as described here and in<br />
much more detail in Ref. [1].<br />
<br />
== Distinguishing SEPs from Cosmic Rays ==<br />
<br />
Solar cosmic rays are nowadays termed SEPs, for Solar Energetic Particles,<br />
and their observation is a major component of <br />
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov space weather], the science (and engineering)<br />
involved in dealing with solar disturbances of the Earth and nearby space.<br />
These solar particles are roughly the same as Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs),<br />
except having different energy spectra, huge time variations, and at <br />
certain times, much greater numbers.<br />
Figure 1 illustrates the "snowstorm" effect a major solar particle event<br />
can have on the LASCO CCDs.<br />
<br />
[[File:322f1.png|650px|thumb|center|Figure 1: <br />
The "snowstorm" appearance of SEP interactions with the LASCO CCDs,<br />
as seen for the famous "Bastille Day"] flare of 2014,<br />
[http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/Bastille_Day_2017 SOL2000-07-14]. <br />
]]<br />
<br />
The very numerous interactions mostly appear as dots, since an SEP will <br />
generally penetrate the detector more and not interact; most particles <br />
will not be arriving parallel to the surface of the detector, but when<br />
they do they will leave tracks of varying lengths, as seen in many places<br />
in Figure 1. <br />
<br />
These events are interesting, but even more interesting are the spallation <br />
events produced by the much higher-energy GCR primaries. <br />
One of SoHO's best examples is shown in Figure 2.<br />
<br />
[[File:322f2.png|650px|thumb|center|Figure 2:<br />
The spallation event seen by LASCO at 11:30 UT on 29 November 2015.<br />
Left, the LASCO image without the usual processing to display the solar<br />
corona, its primary purpose; right, a blowup of the spallation site within<br />
the CCD.<br />
We interpret the very long track extending to the left as the incoming<br />
particle, which in this unusual case was almost perfectly tangential to the <br />
flat surface of the CCD.<br />
]]<br />
<br />
The "star" of secondary particles appearing at the vertex of the event<br />
(the right panel) probably only represents a fraction of all the secondaries<br />
from this violent interaction; most of them would have escaped from the<br />
tiny volume of the CCD pixel (only 60 microns thick) and not left a <br />
track.<br />
Many aspects of this event point to a primary particle energy on the order<br />
of 10<sup>14</sup> eV in energy (100 TeV). <br />
Such an energetic particle would, in the Earth's atmosphere, typically <br />
launch an extensive air shower.<br />
<br />
== Discussion ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[1] "Observation of galactic cosmic ray spallation events from the SoHO<br />
mission 20-Year operation of LASCO"</div>Hhudson