Observational evidence for breakout reconnection

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Authors: Henry Aurass and Gordon Holman
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{{Infobox Nugget
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|name = Nugget
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|title = Observational Evidence for Breakout Reconnection
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|number = 196
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|first_author = Henry Aurass
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|second_author = Gordon Holman
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|publish_date = 2013 March 18
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|next_nugget={{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::197]]}}
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|previous_nugget={{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::195]]}}
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}}
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In solar eruptive events (SEE's, Holman 2012) the transition from slow to fast (eruptive) energy release leads to the interaction of a flux rope with the overlying magnetic field. If the flux rope has a field component opposite to that of the overlying field, magnetic reconnection between the flux-rope and overlying fields can occur. Such a breakout reconnection scenario, since Antiochos, DeVore & Klimchuk proposed it in 1999, has been included in many numerical simulations of SEEs, but observational support for it has so far been weak. Nevertheless, this reconnection should be observable, due to associated acceleration of electrons which produce radio emission.   
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In solar eruptive events (SEEs; see Ref. [1]) the transition from slow to fast (eruptive) energy release leads to the interaction of a
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[http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/news/flux-ropes.html flux rope] with the overlying magnetic field of the large-scale corona.
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Such a SEE combines the properties of a [http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm solar flare] and a
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[http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/CMEs.shtml coronal mass ejection].  
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If the flux rope has a magnetic-field component opposite to that of the overlying field,  
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection magnetic reconnection] between the flux rope and this overlying field can occur.  
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Such a '''breakout reconnection''' scenario, first proposed in 1999 [2], has been studied in many numerical simulations of SEEs, but observational support for it has so far been weak. Nevertheless, this reconnection should be observable, due to associated acceleration of electrons which produce radio emission.   
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Strong evidence for breakout reconnection has recently been identified in the combined meter-wave radio and RHESSI X-ray observations of a well-observed SEE (Aurass, Holman et al. 2013). Figure 1 shows the dynamic radio spectrum (AIP) and the RHESSI 150-300 keV flux curve. The onset of strong particle acceleration is indicated by a light-brown box in Figure 1, and the radio spectrum is enlarged and contrast-enhanced in Figure 2. It  depicts the dynamic spectrum of a seemingly minute feature (the black arrow points to it) shown spatially resolved in Figure 3. Several radio sources appear, instead of a previous faint one, above the active region. We show the radio images at three frequencies (from the Nançay Multifrequency Radioheliograph, NRH, courtesy: The Radioheliograph Group), as well as the RHESSI hard X-ray image.   
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Strong evidence for breakout reconnection has recently been identified in the combined meter-wave radio and RHESSI X-ray observations of a well-observed SEE [3]. Figure 1 shows the dynamic radio spectrum (from [http://www.aip.de/de?set_language=de AIP]) and the RHESSI 150-300 keV flux curve.  
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The onset of strong particle acceleration is indicated by a light-brown box in Figure 1, and the radio spectrum is enlarged and contrast-enhanced in Figure 2.
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It  depicts the dynamic spectrum of a seemingly minute feature (the black arrow points to it) shown spatially resolved in Figure 3.  
 +
Several radio sources appear, instead of a previous faint one, above the active region. We show the radio images at three frequencies (from the Nançay Multifrequency Radioheliograph, [http://secchirh.obspm.fr/nrh.php NRH]), as well as the RHESSI hard X-ray image.   
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[[Image:Fig1_neu3.png|500px|thumb|center|'''Figure 1''': The dynamic radio spectrum (AIP, top), and the RHESSI 150-300 keV light curve (bottom). The light-brown frame marks the time interval enlarged in Figure 2.]]
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[[Image:Fig1_neu3.png|350px|thumb|center|'''Figure 1''': The dynamic radio spectrum  
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([http://www.aip.de/de?set_language=de AIP], top), and the RHESSI 150-300 keV light curve (bottom).  
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The light-brown frame marks the time interval enlarged in Figure 2.]]
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[[Image:Fig2.png|500px|thumb|right|'''Figure 2''': This feature (see the black arrow) is the first impulsive spectral signature of coronal radio emission in this flare, shown spatially resolved above the active region at heights of about 0.18 and 0.41 solar radii in Figure 3. The white lines mark two of the NRH observing frequencies.]]
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[[Image:Fig2.png|350px|thumb|right|'''Figure 2''': This feature (see the black arrow) is the first impulsive spectral signature of coronal radio emission in this flare, shown spatially resolved above the active region at heights of about 0.18 and 0.41 solar radii in Figure 3. The white lines mark two of the  
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[http://secchirh.obspm.fr/nrh.php Nançay] observing frequencies.]]
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The two observed coronal X-ray sources serve to locate the two jets above and below the indicated flare reconnection site. Two 432 MHz radio sources are located radially above the active region and the X-ray sources (in projection on the plane of sky) . The lower one is a counterpart of the upper X-ray source and flare reconnection jet. The upper of these two sources indicates the breakout reconnection. Two other sources, seen at the lower frequency of 236.6 MHz, flank the upper 432 MHZ radio source, as nicely seen in Figure 3. Another radio source at the intermediate frequency of 327 MHz lies between them. A 327 MHz source is also associated with the upper flare reconnection jet.  
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The two observed coronal X-ray sources serve to locate the two jets above and below the indicated flare reconnection site. In projection on the plane of sky, two radio sources are located radially above the active region (432 MHz, red in Figure 3, coinciding with NRH 410 MHz, not shown) and the X-ray sources. The lower one is a counterpart of the upper X-ray source.  
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A plausible explanation for this arrangement is that the lower radio source, like the upper X‑ray source, was associated with the upward-directed flare reconnection jet. The upper radio source above the flaring active region remained stationary in space in the next minutes of the flare thus indicating the ongoing breakout reconnection process in that height level of the corona.  
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The upper of these two sources indicates the '''breakout reconnection'''. Two other sources, shown at the lower frequency of 236.6 MHz (green in Figure 3), flank the upper radio sources. The upper radio source at the intermediate frequency of 327 MHz (cyan in Figure 3) is inclined toward North. The observations show that 20 s later (in association with the main pulse of HXR emission; see Figure 1, bottom) the upper red (432 MHz) and the cyan (327 MHz) sources coincide at a location between the positions shown in Figure 3.  
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[[File:Fig3_neu.png|550px|thumb|center|'''Figure 3''': Evidence for breakout reconnection in the 2003 November 3 SEE from radio- (NRH) and X-ray (RHESSI) data. Contours show radio sources at 432 MHz (red), 327 MHz (cyan), and 236.6 MHz (dark green). The color insert shows the 15 – 20 keV sources (from Veronig et al. 2006). The two 236.6 MHz sources would then naturally be associated with the roughly horizontal jets from the breakout reconnection well above the flaring active region.]]
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A plausible explanation for this arrangement is that the lower radio sources, like the upper X‑ray source, were associated with the upward-directed flare reconnection jet. It is important that the upper radio sources above the flaring active region remained stationary in space in the next minutes of the flare. They indicate the ongoing breakout reconnection process at that height level in the corona. The two 236.6 MHz sources would then naturally be associated with the roughly horizontal jets from the breakout reconnection well above the flaring active region.
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The configuration given by Figure 3 marks some progress in our understanding of X-ray and radio data during the very onset of eruptive energy release in SEEs: the excellent timing between the occurrence of the radially elongated radio source formation and the "above the HXR loop top source" (Sui et al. 2004) reveals that both sources belong to the same (the upper flare reconnection) hot and turbulent plasma jet. The observations described here for a near-limb event are reminiscent of the results about another SEE seen in projection on the disc where a radio source in a distance of about 0.3 solar radii from the flaring active region occurred simultaneously with the most energetic X-ray and Gamma-ray emission (see Aurass et al. 2011, 2006).
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[[File:Fig3_neu.png|350px|thumb|center|'''Figure 3''': Evidence for breakout reconnection in the 2003 November 3 SEE  from radio (NRH) and X-ray (RHESSI) data. Contours show radio sources at 432 MHz (red), 327 MHz (cyan), and 236.6 MHz (dark green). The color insert shows the 15 – 20 keV X-ray sources [7].]]
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References:
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The configuration given by Figure 3 marks progress in our understanding of X-ray and radio data during the very onset of eruptive energy release in SEEs. The excellent timing between the occurrence of the radially elongated radio source formation and the "above the HXR loop-top source"  [6] reveals that both sources belong to the same (upper flare reconnection) hot and turbulent plasma jet. The observations described here for a near-limb event are reminiscent of the results obtained for another SEE seen in projection on the disc, where a radio source at a distance of about 0.3 solar radii from the flaring active region was observed simultaneously with the most energetic X-ray and Gamma-ray emission [5].
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Antiochos, S. K., DeVore, C. R., Klimchuk, J. A.: 1999, ApJ 510, 485
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== References ==
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H. Aurass, G. Holman, S. Braune, G. Mann, P. Zlobec: 2013, A&A submitted
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[1] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhT....65d..56H Solar eruptive events]
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H. Aurass, G. Mann, P. Zlobec, M. Karlicky: 2011, ApJ 730, 57A
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[2] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...510..485A A model for solar Coronal Mass Ejections]
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H. Aurass, G. Mann, G. Rausche, A. Warmuth: 2006, A&A 457, 681
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[3] [Radio evidence for breakout reconnection in a solar eruptive event]
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Holman, G.D.: 2012, Physics Today 04, 56
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[5] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...730...57A Radio evidence of breakout reconnection?]
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Sui, L., Holman, G.D., Dennis, B.R.: 2004, ApJ 612, 546
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[4] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26A...457..681A The GLE on Oct. 28, 2003 - radio diagnostics of relativistic electron and proton injection]
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Veronig, A. M., Karlický, M., Vršnak, B., Temmer, M., Magdalenić, J., Dennis, B. R., Otruba, W., Pötzi, W.: 2006, A&A 446, 675
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[6] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...612..546S Evidence for magnetic reconnection in three homologous solar flares observed by RHESSI]
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[7] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26A...446..675V X-ray sources and magnetic reconnection in the X3.9 flare of 2003 November 3]

Revision as of 17:27, 22 August 2018


Nugget
Number: 196
1st Author: Henry Aurass
2nd Author: Gordon Holman
Published: 2013 March 18
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In solar eruptive events (SEEs; see Ref. [1]) the transition from slow to fast (eruptive) energy release leads to the interaction of a flux rope with the overlying magnetic field of the large-scale corona. Such a SEE combines the properties of a solar flare and a coronal mass ejection. If the flux rope has a magnetic-field component opposite to that of the overlying field, magnetic reconnection between the flux rope and this overlying field can occur. Such a breakout reconnection scenario, first proposed in 1999 [2], has been studied in many numerical simulations of SEEs, but observational support for it has so far been weak. Nevertheless, this reconnection should be observable, due to associated acceleration of electrons which produce radio emission.

Strong evidence for breakout reconnection has recently been identified in the combined meter-wave radio and RHESSI X-ray observations of a well-observed SEE [3]. Figure 1 shows the dynamic radio spectrum (from AIP) and the RHESSI 150-300 keV flux curve. The onset of strong particle acceleration is indicated by a light-brown box in Figure 1, and the radio spectrum is enlarged and contrast-enhanced in Figure 2. It depicts the dynamic spectrum of a seemingly minute feature (the black arrow points to it) shown spatially resolved in Figure 3. Several radio sources appear, instead of a previous faint one, above the active region. We show the radio images at three frequencies (from the Nançay Multifrequency Radioheliograph, NRH), as well as the RHESSI hard X-ray image.

The solar eruptive event of November 03, 2003
Figure 1: The dynamic radio spectrum (AIP, top), and the RHESSI 150-300 keV light curve (bottom). The light-brown frame marks the time interval enlarged in Figure 2.
Figure 2: This feature (see the black arrow) is the first impulsive spectral signature of coronal radio emission in this flare, shown spatially resolved above the active region at heights of about 0.18 and 0.41 solar radii in Figure 3. The white lines mark two of the Nançay observing frequencies.

The two observed coronal X-ray sources serve to locate the two jets above and below the indicated flare reconnection site. In projection on the plane of sky, two radio sources are located radially above the active region (432 MHz, red in Figure 3, coinciding with NRH 410 MHz, not shown) and the X-ray sources. The lower one is a counterpart of the upper X-ray source.

The upper of these two sources indicates the breakout reconnection. Two other sources, shown at the lower frequency of 236.6 MHz (green in Figure 3), flank the upper radio sources. The upper radio source at the intermediate frequency of 327 MHz (cyan in Figure 3) is inclined toward North. The observations show that 20 s later (in association with the main pulse of HXR emission; see Figure 1, bottom) the upper red (432 MHz) and the cyan (327 MHz) sources coincide at a location between the positions shown in Figure 3.

A plausible explanation for this arrangement is that the lower radio sources, like the upper X‑ray source, were associated with the upward-directed flare reconnection jet. It is important that the upper radio sources above the flaring active region remained stationary in space in the next minutes of the flare. They indicate the ongoing breakout reconnection process at that height level in the corona. The two 236.6 MHz sources would then naturally be associated with the roughly horizontal jets from the breakout reconnection well above the flaring active region.

Figure 3: Evidence for breakout reconnection in the 2003 November 3 SEE from radio (NRH) and X-ray (RHESSI) data. Contours show radio sources at 432 MHz (red), 327 MHz (cyan), and 236.6 MHz (dark green). The color insert shows the 15 – 20 keV X-ray sources [7].

The configuration given by Figure 3 marks progress in our understanding of X-ray and radio data during the very onset of eruptive energy release in SEEs. The excellent timing between the occurrence of the radially elongated radio source formation and the "above the HXR loop-top source" [6] reveals that both sources belong to the same (upper flare reconnection) hot and turbulent plasma jet. The observations described here for a near-limb event are reminiscent of the results obtained for another SEE seen in projection on the disc, where a radio source at a distance of about 0.3 solar radii from the flaring active region was observed simultaneously with the most energetic X-ray and Gamma-ray emission [5].

References

[1] Solar eruptive events

[2] A model for solar Coronal Mass Ejections

[3] [Radio evidence for breakout reconnection in a solar eruptive event]

[5] Radio evidence of breakout reconnection?

[4] The GLE on Oct. 28, 2003 - radio diagnostics of relativistic electron and proton injection

[6] Evidence for magnetic reconnection in three homologous solar flares observed by RHESSI

[7] X-ray sources and magnetic reconnection in the X3.9 flare of 2003 November 3

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