https://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&feed=atom&action=historyOther Discoveries from Carrington's Flare - Revision history2024-03-28T10:35:26ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.0https://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&diff=10680&oldid=prevSchriste at 16:29, 22 August 20182018-08-22T16:29:11Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|publish_date = 2 February 2009</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|publish_date = 2 February 2009</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget = [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Coronal implosion</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{#ask: </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Category:Nugget</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[RHESSI Nugget Index::95]]}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget = [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Collapsing traps</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">RHESSI Nugget Index::93</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Schristehttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&diff=1154&oldid=prevBdennis: /* References */ changed 1959 to 1859.2009-05-09T16:18:35Z<p><span class="autocomment">References: </span> changed 1959 to 1859.</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1959</del>] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1859</ins>] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://www.stuartclark.com/sunkings.html Stuart Clark], ''The Sun Kings:The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began'', Princeton U. Press (2007).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://www.stuartclark.com/sunkings.html Stuart Clark], ''The Sun Kings:The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began'', Princeton U. Press (2007).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/wv2666w3hgu7qm07/ The 1859 Solar–Terrestrial Disturbance And the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity"] E.A. Cliver and L. Svalgaard, Solar Phys. 224, 407 (2005).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/wv2666w3hgu7qm07/ The 1859 Solar–Terrestrial Disturbance And the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity"] E.A. Cliver and L. Svalgaard, Solar Phys. 224, 407 (2005).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Bdennishttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&diff=851&oldid=prevHhudson: Added Cliver-Svalgaard reference2009-02-15T20:53:58Z<p>Added Cliver-Svalgaard reference</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, 1959] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, 1959] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://www.stuartclark.com/sunkings.html Stuart Clark], ''The Sun Kings:The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began'', Princeton U. Press (2007).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://www.stuartclark.com/sunkings.html Stuart Clark], ''The Sun Kings:The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began'', Princeton U. Press (2007).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/wv2666w3hgu7qm07/ The 1859 Solar–Terrestrial Disturbance And the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity"] E.A. Cliver and L. Svalgaard, Solar Phys. 224, 407 (2005).</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&diff=836&oldid=prevHhudson at 00:55, 11 February 20092009-02-11T00:55:32Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|publish_date = 2 February 2009</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|publish_date = 2 February 2009</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget = [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TBD</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget = [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Coronal implosion</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget = [[Collapsing traps]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget = [[Collapsing traps]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&diff=808&oldid=prevHhudson at 22:33, 4 February 20092009-02-04T22:33:00Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, 1959] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, 1959] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Stuart Clark, ''The Sun Kings:The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began'', Princeton U. Press (2007).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://www.stuartclark.com/sunkings.html </ins>Stuart Clark<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins>, ''The Sun Kings:The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began'', Princeton U. Press (2007).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&diff=805&oldid=prevHhudson: Added reference to "The Sun Kings"2009-02-04T22:22:42Z<p>Added reference to "The Sun Kings"</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, 1959] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, 1959] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Stuart Clark, ''The Sun Kings:The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began'', Princeton U. Press (2007).</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&diff=803&oldid=prevHhudson: minor editts2009-02-03T17:35:13Z<p>minor editts</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:kew.jpg|500px|thumb|center|'''Figure 2''': The compass records from Kew Gardens.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:kew.jpg|500px|thumb|center|'''Figure 2''': The compass records from Kew Gardens.]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>One of the main purposes of this Nugget is to circulate Figure 2, which is not as well<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del>known as Carrington's sketch though it contains a lot of discovery. We now know there ''is'' an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere ionosphere]. Solar soft X-radiation increases the ionization level, and naturally occurring EMF's drive enhanced currents, which in turn deflect compass needles. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>One of the main purposes of this Nugget is to circulate Figure 2, which is not as well known as Carrington's sketch though it contains a lot of discovery. We now know there ''is'' an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere ionosphere]. Solar soft X-radiation increases the ionization level, and naturally occurring EMF's drive enhanced currents, which in turn deflect compass needles. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This is an example of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance], or SID.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This is an example of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance], or SID.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>There are many other different ionospheric effects resulting from different solar emissions and ionospheric properties, and prior to the era of space research these ionospheric effects provided many clues to flare physics.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>There are many other different ionospheric effects resulting from different solar emissions and ionospheric properties, and prior to the era of space research these ionospheric effects provided many clues to flare physics.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Carrington's tentative association is the beginning of [http://www.spaceweather.com/ "'''space weather'''"].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Carrington's tentative association is the beginning of [http://www.spaceweather.com/ "'''space weather'''"].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The initial compass perturbation is due to ionization produced by photons, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">traveling </del>from the Sun at the speed of light - a few minutes' delay.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The initial compass perturbation is due to ionization <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at the top of Earth's atmosphere </ins>produced by <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">high-energy </ins>photons, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which travel </ins>from the Sun at the speed of light - a few minutes' delay.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The later [http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmagstrm.html magnetic storm] is due to solar plasma ejected by the flare (a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection Coronal Mass Ejection]).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The later [http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmagstrm.html magnetic storm] is due to solar plasma ejected by the flare (a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection Coronal Mass Ejection]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The plasma moves one [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit A.U.] in about 17 hours. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The plasma moves one [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit A.U.] in about 17 hours. </div></td></tr>
</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&diff=801&oldid=prevSchriste: added category2009-02-03T17:15:11Z<p>added category</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, 1959] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, 1959] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Nugget]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Schristehttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&diff=800&oldid=prevSchriste: minor touchups2009-02-03T17:14:33Z<p>minor touchups</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|publish_date = 2 February 2009</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|publish_date = 2 February 2009</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget = [[TBD]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget = [[TBD]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget = [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Collapsing_traps</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget = [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Collapsing traps</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This is the [http://www.astro.gla.ac.uk/%7Eiain/flares150/ sesquicentennial] of Richard Carrington's solar flare of 1859. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">year </ins>is the [http://www.astro.gla.ac.uk/%7Eiain/flares150/ sesquicentennial] of Richard Carrington's solar flare of 1859. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>He <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">saw </del>it in "white light" <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(ordinary visible continuum</del>) as he was measuring sunspots, and the sketch he made (Figure 1) is often displayed.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>He <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed </ins>it in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">visible light (</ins>"white light") as he was measuring sunspots, and the sketch he made (Figure 1) is often displayed.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The idea that small parts of the very bright <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">solar atmosphere </del>could ''double'' in intensity in a such a short time must have astonished the observers: not only Carrington himself but also his assistant, plus an entirely independent observer named Richard Hodgson.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The idea that small parts of the very bright <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sun </ins>could ''double'' in intensity in a such a short time must have astonished the observers: not only Carrington himself but also his assistant, plus an entirely independent observer named Richard Hodgson.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Detailed research has shown that this latter observer was not a weakish speller who might have been related to the author of this RHESSI Science Nugget.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Detailed research has shown that this latter observer was not a weakish speller who might have been related to the author of this RHESSI Science Nugget.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In Figure 1, at the state of the art of scientific graphics in 1859, the letters A, B, C, and D point to the flare brightenings.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In Figure 1, at the state of the art of scientific graphics in 1859, the letters A, B, C, and D point to the flare brightenings.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This Nugget is not about the flare in (or near) the photosphere itself, but about its effects on Earth.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This Nugget is not about the flare in (or near) the photosphere itself, but about its effects on Earth.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It was not really Carrington's work (see below) but he nevertheless thought it important to report the association between the flare and its terrestrial effects.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It was not really Carrington's work (see below) but he nevertheless thought it important to report the association between the flare and its terrestrial effects.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It was in fact a phenomenally important association<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>which he <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">famously </del>described in the best British style of understatement <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as </del>"One swallow does not make a summer."</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It was in fact a phenomenally important association which he described in the best British style of understatement <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"While the contemporary occurrence may deserve noting, he would not have it supposed that he even leans towards hastily connecting them." </ins>"One swallow does not make a summer."</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:carrington.jpg|500px|thumb|center|'''Figure 1''': The Carrington white-light sketch. The emissions were very bright, of a color resembling Alpha Lyrae, and rapidly variable ("mortifying" in his description). These properties have been confirmed by subsequent observations of similar events.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:carrington.jpg|500px|thumb|center|'''Figure 1''': The Carrington white-light sketch. The emissions were very bright, of a color resembling Alpha Lyrae, and rapidly variable ("mortifying" in his description). These properties have been confirmed by subsequent observations of similar events.]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>When the flare happened, the recording magnetograph at [http://books.google.com/books?id=K6cOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA37 Kew Gardens observatory] was in operation.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>When the flare happened, the recording magnetograph at [http://books.google.com/books?id=K6cOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA37 Kew Gardens observatory] was in operation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It was known that a sensitive compass (magnetometer) could see all manner of variations at a low <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">level</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It was known that a sensitive compass (magnetometer) could see all manner of variations at a low <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">levels</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In fact, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Stewart Balfour Stewart], the director at Kew Observatory, independently noted many flare-induced disturbances during the disk passage of the sunspot group responsible for the Carrington flare (about two weeks).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In fact, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Stewart Balfour Stewart], the director at Kew Observatory, independently noted many flare-induced disturbances during the disk passage of the sunspot group responsible for the Carrington flare (about two weeks).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The polymath [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss Gauss] had already established that these variations were external perturbations of the geomagnetic field, which in the bulk had its origins (we know now) deep in the iron-nickel core of the Earth.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The polymath [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss Gauss] had already established that these variations were external perturbations of the geomagnetic field, which in the bulk had its origins (we know now) deep in the iron-nickel core of the Earth.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:kew.jpg|500px|thumb|center|'''Figure 2''': The compass records from Kew Gardens.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:kew.jpg|500px|thumb|center|'''Figure 2''': The compass records from Kew Gardens.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>One of the main purposes of this Nugget is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">just </del>to circulate Figure 2, which is not as well-known as Carrington's sketch<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. However </del>it contains a lot of discovery. We now know there ''is'' an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere ionosphere]. Solar soft X-radiation increases the ionization level, and naturally occurring EMF's drive enhanced currents, which in turn deflect compass needles. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>One of the main purposes of this Nugget is to circulate Figure 2, which is not as well-known as Carrington's sketch <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">though </ins>it contains a lot of discovery. We now know there ''is'' an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere ionosphere]. Solar soft X-radiation increases the ionization level, and naturally occurring EMF's drive enhanced currents, which in turn deflect compass needles. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This is an example of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance], or SID.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This is an example of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance], or SID.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>There are many other different ionospheric effects resulting from different solar emissions and ionospheric properties, and prior to the era of space research these ionospheric effects provided <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as </del>many clues to flare physics.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>There are many other different ionospheric effects resulting from different solar emissions and ionospheric properties, and prior to the era of space research these ionospheric effects provided many clues to flare physics.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This </del>is the beginning of [http://www.spaceweather.com/ "'''space weather'''"].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Carrington's tentative association </ins>is the beginning of [http://www.spaceweather.com/ "'''space weather'''"].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The initial compass perturbation is due to ionization produced by photons, traveling from the Sun at the speed of light - a few minutes' delay.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The initial compass perturbation is due to ionization produced by photons, traveling from the Sun at the speed of light - a few minutes' delay.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The later [http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmagstrm.html magnetic storm] is due to solar plasma ejected by the flare (a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection Coronal Mass Ejection]).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The later [http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmagstrm.html magnetic storm] is due to solar plasma ejected by the flare (a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection Coronal Mass Ejection]).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>There are still mysteries associated with these powerful phenomena, possibly involving gamma-rays from pion decay, sunquakes, or other exotica.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>There are still mysteries associated with these powerful phenomena, possibly involving gamma-rays from pion decay, sunquakes, or other exotica.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Probably the ionosphere is too crude a detector to be of much use any longer, but we should not forget its great contributions over the fifteen decades since Carrington's time!</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Probably the ionosphere is too crude a detector to be of much use any longer, but we should not forget its great contributions over the fifteen decades since Carrington's time!</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==References==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0020//0000013.000.html Description of a Singular Appearance Seen In the Sun on September 1st, 1959] by R.C. Carrington Esq.</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Schristehttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=Other_Discoveries_from_Carrington%27s_Flare&diff=796&oldid=prevHhudson at 03:25, 3 February 20092009-02-03T03:25:30Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>One of the main purposes of this Nugget is just to circulate Figure 2, which is not as well-known as Carrington's sketch. However it contains a lot of discovery. We now know there ''is'' an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere ionosphere]. Solar soft X-radiation increases the ionization level, and naturally occurring EMF's drive enhanced currents, which in turn deflect compass needles. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>One of the main purposes of this Nugget is just to circulate Figure 2, which is not as well-known as Carrington's sketch. However it contains a lot of discovery. We now know there ''is'' an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere ionosphere]. Solar soft X-radiation increases the ionization level, and naturally occurring EMF's drive enhanced currents, which in turn deflect compass needles. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This is an example of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance], or SID.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This is an example of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance], or SID.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>There are many other different ionospheric effects resulting from different solar emissions and ionospheric properties, and prior to the era of space research these ionospheric effects provided many clues to flare physics.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>There are many other different ionospheric effects resulting from different solar emissions and ionospheric properties, and prior to the era of space research these ionospheric effects provided <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as </ins>many clues to flare physics.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This is the beginning of [http://www.spaceweather.com/ "'''space weather'''"].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This is the beginning of [http://www.spaceweather.com/ "'''space weather'''"].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The initial compass perturbation is due to photons, traveling at the speed of light. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The initial compass perturbation is due to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ionization produced by </ins>photons, traveling <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">from the Sun </ins>at the speed of light <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- a few minutes' delay</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The later [http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmagstrm.html magnetic storm] is due to solar plasma ejected by the flare (a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection Coronal Mass Ejection]).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The later [http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmagstrm.html magnetic storm] is due to solar plasma ejected by the flare (a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection Coronal Mass Ejection]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The plasma moves one [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit A.U.] in about 17 hours. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The plasma moves one [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit A.U.] in about 17 hours. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This means a speed of some 2500 km/s, which <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">would be near </del>the high end of speeds of solar ejecta <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as </del>befits such a powerful flare event.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>This means a speed of some 2500 km/s<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, nearly 0.01 c</ins>, which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is at </ins>the high end of speeds of solar ejecta<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This high speed </ins>befits such a powerful flare event.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The compass deflections during the main magnetic storm result from other current systems, driven not by the regular diurnal effects of the steady solar wind, but by the stresses of the CME itself.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The compass deflections during the main magnetic storm result from other current systems, driven not by the regular diurnal effects of the steady solar wind, but by the stresses of the CME itself.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Hhudson