Solar Cycle 24 BCHIJ

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Plenary Overview Session covering Groups B, C, H, I, and J

DeRosa: Magnetism

• Magnetic fields are pandemic. Review comments emphasize two areas:

1) How does flux at the surface reflect dynamo action? Aimee Norton cartoon showing "tilted toroidal bands". Ephemeral region emergences. Flux "emerges" less frequently at high "unipolarity"?

Judge: what about the scatter vs unipolarity? A: perhaps this is a techincal matter

2) Improving coronal field models. LOS grams may have serious biases. Photospheric vector fields don't deal with the chromosphere properly. Sunsplot flux issues. Chromospheric field interpretation problems. "We don't have any idea" how to map the field, but PFSS is on the way out? The chromosphere is the key to improvements.

Grigis: how about direct coronal field measurements? A: Degeneracy on LOS in optically thick medium. EUV has gone as far as it can go?

Hudson: Div B comment - the problem is 2/3 solved! A: You are very optimistic!

DeWijn: Chromosphere

• Read the manifesto. Four questions

 1) general disagreements on what "chromospheric heating" amounts to. 
    Acoustic waves still an open question. Internal gravity waves ditto.
    Type II spicules a key to the magnetized chromosphere? Corona...
    Questions have multiplied.

Liewer: what is a type II spicule? Time scale of seconds, number density

    different from classical (type I) spicules. 
 2) Beta = 1 surface. Inclined fields. "Chromospheric seismology"? Alfven
    wave propagation?

Strous: Need simulations to handle the Alfven waves properly

 3) Numerical models. Now know that we need to deal with neutrals. But
    which problems require multi-fluid? Synthetic models are much better
    in the photosphere.
 4) Propagation of free energy through the chromosphere. Is the chromosphere
    a "force-free factory"? Perpendicular resistivity should be very high in
    the upper chromosphere - so maybe

Vourlidas: where is the top of the chromosphere? A difficult question!

    "We're switching from doing something wrong in the photosphere to doing
    something wrong, but different, in the chromospehere?"

• Chromosphere and flares. Can we diagnose particle beams?
• Observations: Need B in the chromosphere - time-resolved integral field

 spectroscopy! Need compatible resolution. 

Panasenco: Need to include filaments in "chromosphere". Good point... also

 loops. Need another workshop!

Young: Loops

• Spatial structure. Dark regions in ARs show Doppler and line-width

 signatures in EIS. Sources of wind? Loop resolution? Aided by EIS filling
 factors of 10-20%. Isothermality? 3-dimensionality? Aschwanden work 
 confirming large inclinations for many loops.

• Temporal evolution: Cooling can be nicely followed in images now. Are all

 loops heated as transients, ie are there steady loops?

Doschek: see the movie; it's on the Web Moore: Markus movie is impressive; does it show any non-potentiality?

 Doschek: Maybe. Moore: DeForest: Overdense, underdense. Nanoflares => 
 underdense?

Peter: Modeling

• Need synthesis of observables. Need non-equilibrium ionization. Footpoint

 heating is now heavily preferred.

• Impulsive heating or steady quasi-static heating? Not so clear theoretically.
• Connection to chomospheric modeling has not been dealt with properly. The

 simulation data cubes ought to be made available to the public. 

• Existing instruments: need to deal with straylight and background. Need to

 make better use of SOT. 

• Future with SDO/AIA higher time resolution. Graph of electron mfp vs height

 in MHD model (Peter 2008) => 100 km. 

Welsch: The models requested are uninteresting from the point of view of

 the chromosphere. Why stop at 5 min scales? Cooling is uninteresting?
 Mason: compromises are necessary. 

Judge: comment on Markus movie. Why are strands illuminated? Note that tubes

 are less prominent than ribbon-like structures at the footpoints. Why don't
 we see sheets instead? We understand almost nothing, it appears. 

DeForest: it's worse than you think. Hudson: Markus is showing us the boring part of the corona.

Muglach: Filaments

• Structure

 - 0.1 arcs scales are present, both SOT (over the limb) and also ground-based
 (on disk), but how do we reconcile the two views. There are "threads" now 
 resolved as the smallest scales. Threads present even in the barbs and show 
 dynamics, e.g. counterstreaming. 
 - There are dome structures, or arcs on larger scales, now observed to show
 remarkable dynamical behavior.

• Fields

 - Now have have actual He D3 field observations (Casini). Also 10830. Fields
 can be up to 80G.

Moore: what direction of B? A: horizontal.

• Wish list: More H-alpha, more stereoscopic observation, more UV/IR

 multiwavelength coverage. More emphasis on models that can handle dynamics.
 Magnetic fields.

• Formation/maintenance: there are only 5 papers on observations of filament

 origin! Many more modeling papers exist!
 - Time sequence shown in Wang-Muglach (2007). 

• Models. Magara "source surface" approach e.g. But how to get to the "end

 state" that the models describe?

Moore: There should be good observations if even MDI can see formation. Berger: A question for the community - why does neutral gas follow the field

 lines. A: collisions.

McLaughlin:

• A new plume cartoon! The Wang 1994 cartoon is to be supplanted. A two-

 stage formation of which (1) is a formation via a jet (Raouafi et a. 2008).
 Then decrease of height of X-point. DeForest 2007 shows how to develop a
 steady plume structure (hours, rather than the minutes of the "reconnection"
 event).
 - There is high FIP in the plumes. 
 - Parnell papers on many-separator reconnection.

• (2) Transition to wind. Why are plumes not observed in situ? How much of the

 wind originates in the plumes (not all, but at least some?). Why are the
 scale heights so large?  

• Seven main questions

 1) what distinguishes plumes/interplumes?
 2) what sustains plumes
 3) what is the true 3D structure?
 4) what causes the acceleration? ("curtain vs tube" debate; need both 
 energy and momentum)
 5) How far out do plumes extend? 
 6) Svalgaard Nobeyama observations 
 7) Spatial distribution/plume suppression. No plumes >85 degrees? 

Obligatory Moore question: Step 2 not good, since plumes have mixed

 polarity.

De Pontieu: what does "explicit detection" require of the observations? A:

 would like to see propagating waves. AA: It's in the Science paper, 
 supporting material.

Judge: Solar cycle of plume statistics and flux concentrations? A: none at

 solar max, but low-latitude holes may show them (Wang).