The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?

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|second_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
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|next_nugget = The Kelvin Force
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|next_nugget={{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::307]]}}
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|previous_nugget = [http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/Electric_Current_Neutralization_and_Solar_Eruption_in_Active_Regions Electric Currents and Eruptions]
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The Sun has just produced two major X-class flares in the waning phase of
The Sun has just produced two major X-class flares in the waning phase of
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Solar Cycle 24.  
+
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cycle_24 Solar Cycle 24].  
-
This has happened in previous cycles: Cycle 22 saw SOL1996-07-29 (X2.2),  
+
This has happened in previous cycles:  
 +
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cycle_22 Cycle 22] saw SOL1996-07-09 ([http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-x-ray-flux X2.2 or maybe X2.6]),  
which produced the first-observed sunquake (Ref. [1]).
which produced the first-observed sunquake (Ref. [1]).
-
Then Cycle 23 produced SOL2006-12-13 (X3.4), with its white-light  
+
Then  
-
continuum remarkably well documented by [Hinode] (Ref. [2]).
+
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cycle_23 Cycle 23] produced SOL2006-12-13 (X3.4), with its white-light  
 +
continuum remarkably well documented by [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/solar/eclipse20170821/index_e.html Hinode] (Ref. [2]).
Now we have (probably) ended Cycle 24's major flare activity with
Now we have (probably) ended Cycle 24's major flare activity with
SOL2017-09-06 (X9.3) and SOL2017-09-10 (X8.2), both of which produced
SOL2017-09-06 (X9.3) and SOL2017-09-10 (X8.2), both of which produced
-
long-duration gamma-ray events observed by [Fermi].
+
long-duration gamma-ray events observed by  
 +
[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/fermi_solar/ Fermi].
Remarkably, the spacings between the pairs of these three events were similar  
Remarkably, the spacings between the pairs of these three events were similar  
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[[File:306fr23.png|500px|thumb|center|Figure 1:  
[[File:306fr23.png|500px|thumb|center|Figure 1:  
Imaging observations of SOL2017-09-10 at high resolution. Upper panel,  
Imaging observations of SOL2017-09-10 at high resolution. Upper panel,  
-
comparisons of RHESSI hard X-rays with the HMI white-light flare
+
comparisons of RHESSI hard X-rays with the  
 +
[http://hmi.stanford.edu HMI] white-light flare
observation (footpoint); bottom panel, same RHESSI images compared
observation (footpoint); bottom panel, same RHESSI images compared
-
with AIA 193Â (looptop).
+
with  
 +
[http://aia.lmsal.com AIA] 193 Å (looptop).
]]
]]
This flare also produced a textbook example of CME ejection and the  
This flare also produced a textbook example of CME ejection and the  
generation of a global wave.
generation of a global wave.
-
Figure 2 illustrates the canonical plasmoid/current-sheet pattern most  
+
Figure 2 illustrates the canonical  
 +
[http://solar.physics.montana.edu/magara/Research/Topics/cshkp.html plasmoid/current-sheet] pattern most  
clearly, with the very linear current-sheet EUV enhancement pointing
clearly, with the very linear current-sheet EUV enhancement pointing
straight at the loops seen by RHESSI and AIA.
straight at the loops seen by RHESSI and AIA.
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SOL2017-09-10 produced a massive, fast CME, and in its wake this  
SOL2017-09-10 produced a massive, fast CME, and in its wake this  
textbook-clear example of plasmoid and current sheet trailing it.
textbook-clear example of plasmoid and current sheet trailing it.
-
Note the beautiful diffraction spikes produced by AIA's grids.
+
Note the beautiful  
 +
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating diffraction] spikes produced by AIA's grids.
This can be exploited in principle to increase the image dynamic range and
This can be exploited in principle to increase the image dynamic range and
also to provide spectral information.
also to provide spectral information.
]]
]]
-
=== High-Energy phenomena (GLE No. 72! ===
+
=== High-Energy phenomena (GLE No. 72!) ===
Both of these September flares produced major particle events ([SPEs]),  
Both of these September flares produced major particle events ([SPEs]),  
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The solar particles were detected as increased counting rates in
The solar particles were detected as increased counting rates in
multiple ground-based
multiple ground-based
-
[neutron monitor]
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_monitor neutron monitor]
-
detectors, and thus achieved the statuf of a "ground-level event" (GLE);
+
detectors, and thus achieved the statuf of a "ground-level event"  
-
this one (GLE-72) was only the second example of such an energetic
+
([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_particle_event GLE]);
 +
this one (GLE-72; they are numbered sequentially since their discovery in the 1940s) was only the second example of such an energetic
manifestation in Solar Cycle 24.
manifestation in Solar Cycle 24.
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Many observatories captured these major events, and we expect that much
Many observatories captured these major events, and we expect that much
will be learned about this extreme behavior.
will be learned about this extreme behavior.
-
SOL2017-10-06, the earlier on-disk event, produced strong terrestrial  
+
SOL2017-09-06, the earlier on-disk event, produced strong terrestrial  
effects as its CME impacted the Earth's
effects as its CME impacted the Earth's
-
[magnetosphere],
+
[https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/magnetosphere-ionosphere magnetosphere],
but the solar cannon firing these projectiles missed Earth for the
but the solar cannon firing these projectiles missed Earth for the
SOL2017-09-10 event because of its location at the limb, with the
SOL2017-09-10 event because of its location at the limb, with the
solar vertical direction thus perpendicular to to the Sun-Earth line.
solar vertical direction thus perpendicular to to the Sun-Earth line.
-
 
=== References ===
=== References ===
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[1] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..317K "X-ray flare sparks quake inside Sun"]
[1] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..317K "X-ray flare sparks quake inside Sun"]
-
[2] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PASJ...59S.807I "Flare Ribbons Observed with G-band and FeI 6302  Filters of the Solar Optical Telescope on Board Hinode"]
+
[2] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PASJ...59S.807I "Flare Ribbons Observed with G-band and FeI 6302 Å  Filters of the Solar Optical Telescope on Board Hinode"]

Latest revision as of 18:55, 22 August 2018


Nugget
Number: 306
1st Author: Säm Krucker
2nd Author: Hugh Hudson
Published: 11 September 2017
Next Nugget: The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
Previous Nugget: Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
List all



Contents

Introduction

The Sun has just produced two major X-class flares in the waning phase of Solar Cycle 24. This has happened in previous cycles: Cycle 22 saw SOL1996-07-09 (X2.2 or maybe X2.6), which produced the first-observed sunquake (Ref. [1]). Then Cycle 23 produced SOL2006-12-13 (X3.4), with its white-light continuum remarkably well documented by Hinode (Ref. [2]). Now we have (probably) ended Cycle 24's major flare activity with SOL2017-09-06 (X9.3) and SOL2017-09-10 (X8.2), both of which produced long-duration gamma-ray events observed by Fermi.

Remarkably, the spacings between the pairs of these three events were similar to the recent mean solar-cycle duration of 11.1 years (at separations of (10.37 and 10.74 years, respectively, shorter by only a few percent). While not very significant, these spacings are eerie - in each of the last three cycles, a "last best" event has happened, and at almost exact intervals.

RHESSI Observation

RHESSI got excellent observations of SOL2017-09-10, as illustrated in Figure 1. The flare was almost exactly at the limb, apparently such that one ribbon was entirely occulted and the other partially so, but still nicely showing both white-light flare continuum and hard X-rays with the same precise coincidence seen in events on the disk, confirming the 3D nature of this identification.

Figure 1: Imaging observations of SOL2017-09-10 at high resolution. Upper panel, comparisons of RHESSI hard X-rays with the HMI white-light flare observation (footpoint); bottom panel, same RHESSI images compared with AIA 193 Å (looptop).

This flare also produced a textbook example of CME ejection and the generation of a global wave. Figure 2 illustrates the canonical plasmoid/current-sheet pattern most clearly, with the very linear current-sheet EUV enhancement pointing straight at the loops seen by RHESSI and AIA.

Figure 2: SOL2017-09-10 produced a massive, fast CME, and in its wake this textbook-clear example of plasmoid and current sheet trailing it. Note the beautiful diffraction spikes produced by AIA's grids. This can be exploited in principle to increase the image dynamic range and also to provide spectral information.

High-Energy phenomena (GLE No. 72!)

Both of these September flares produced major particle events ([SPEs]), as well as good examples of high-energy gamma-ray emission at very high energies, as shown in Figure 3. See an earlier Nugget for a tour of the solar high-energy world, a most important aspect of solar physics.

Figure 3: The two long-duration gamma-ray events observed towards the end of Cycle 24, courtesy the RHESSI Browser and [Fermi].

The solar particles were detected as increased counting rates in multiple ground-based neutron monitor detectors, and thus achieved the statuf of a "ground-level event" (GLE); this one (GLE-72; they are numbered sequentially since their discovery in the 1940s) was only the second example of such an energetic manifestation in Solar Cycle 24.

Conclusion

Many observatories captured these major events, and we expect that much will be learned about this extreme behavior. SOL2017-09-06, the earlier on-disk event, produced strong terrestrial effects as its CME impacted the Earth's magnetosphere, but the solar cannon firing these projectiles missed Earth for the SOL2017-09-10 event because of its location at the limb, with the solar vertical direction thus perpendicular to to the Sun-Earth line.

References

[1] "X-ray flare sparks quake inside Sun"

[2] "Flare Ribbons Observed with G-band and FeI 6302 Å Filters of the Solar Optical Telescope on Board Hinode"

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