https://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=The_flight_of_FOXSI-3&feed=atom&action=historyThe flight of FOXSI-3 - Revision history2024-03-28T14:19:43ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.0https://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=The_flight_of_FOXSI-3&diff=11318&oldid=prevHhudson at 15:09, 30 December 20182018-12-30T15:09:15Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|second_author = Noriyuki Narukage</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|second_author = Noriyuki Narukage</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget = Homologous white-light flares</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|next_nugget = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/Homologous_White_Light_Solar_Flares </ins>Homologous white-light flares<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget={{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::339]]}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget={{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::339]]}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=The_flight_of_FOXSI-3&diff=11309&oldid=prevHhudson at 16:11, 29 December 20182018-12-29T16:11:36Z<p></p>
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</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=The_flight_of_FOXSI-3&diff=11302&oldid=prevSchriste at 20:12, 7 December 20182018-12-07T20:12:37Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|number = 340</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|number = 340</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget=[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/Stellar_Flares_and_Starspots Stellar flares and starspots</del>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{#ask: </ins>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[Category</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::339]</ins>]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Schristehttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=The_flight_of_FOXSI-3&diff=11299&oldid=prevHhudson at 19:22, 5 December 20182018-12-05T19:22:28Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{#ask: </del>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[Category</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::339]</del>]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|previous_nugget=[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/Stellar_Flares_and_Starspots Stellar flares and starspots</ins>]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=The_flight_of_FOXSI-3&diff=11296&oldid=prevHhudson at 16:57, 5 December 20182018-12-05T16:57:04Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|second_author = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </del>Noriyuki NARUKAGE</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|second_author = Noriyuki NARUKAGE</div></td></tr>
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</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=The_flight_of_FOXSI-3&diff=11295&oldid=prevHhudson at 16:56, 5 December 20182018-12-05T16:56:43Z<p></p>
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</table>Hhudsonhttps://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php?title=The_flight_of_FOXSI-3&diff=11294&oldid=prevHhudson: No. 340 upload2018-12-05T08:21:03Z<p>No. 340 upload</p>
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<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The FOXSI-3 <br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounding_rocket sounding rocket] <br />
flew for a successful 6-minute observation of the Sun on September 7, 2018 <br />
from the <br />
[https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/historyculture/white-sands-missile-range.htm White Sands Missile Range].<br />
FOXSI stands for the Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager, and it is the<br />
first experiment to optimize direct-focusing optics for the Sun in<br />
hard X-rays (HXRs). <br />
This technology offers dramatically increased<br />
sensitivity, allowing FOXSI to investigate coronal heating in active<br />
regions and to search for non-thermal signatures in the quiet Sun.<br />
When eventually implemented on a space mission, FOXSI will investigate<br />
particle acceleration in solar flares with unprecedented sensitivity.<br />
<br />
The FOXSI rocket experiment has had two prior successful flights already,<br />
in 2012 and 2014, resulting in the first focused HXR image of the<br />
Sun (Ref. [1]) and the most direct measurement to date of nanoflare-heated<br />
plasma in an active region (Ref. [2]).<br />
New for the third payload were upgrades to the optics and detectors, <br />
an improved white-light camera for better alignment, collimators to <br />
block stray light (ghost rays), and a focusing soft X-ray <br />
telescope that measures individual photons in the 0.5-5 keV range. <br />
While telescopes of this type have been used in astrophysics for decades <br />
(i.e. [http://chandra.harvard.edu Chandra] or <br />
[http://sci.esa.int/xmm-newton/ XMM-Newton]), <br />
the bright soft X-ray fluxes of the Sun long prevented their solar use. <br />
FOXSI's PhoEnIX (Photon Energy Imager in soft X-rays) instrument solves this <br />
difficulty with a <br />
[https://hinode.nao.ac.jp/en/news/topics/foxsi-3-180907/ high-speed CMOS X-ray camera].<br />
<br />
== FOXSI-3 Observations ==<br />
<br />
The Sun on September 7 was mostly quiet, exhibiting <br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_hole coronal holes],<br />
[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095640219i bright EUV points], <br />
and a 4-month old <br />
[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Solar_activity active region] late in <br />
its lifetime (and no longer numbered by<br />
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov NOAA]). <br />
No flares were observed. <br />
Due to the low level of activity, FOXSI's six HXR telescopes registered<br />
only a few photons. <br />
The soft X-ray <br />
[https://hinode.nao.ac.jp/en/news/topics/foxsi-3-180907 PhoEnIX]<br />
telescope though, operating at lower energies, produced detailed images of the <br />
Sun, as shown in Figure 1. <br />
These are spectroscopic images produced from single<br />
photons, meaning that time profiles and energy spectra are available<br />
for every pixel in the image (see Figure 2). <br />
Figure 1 is a mosaic of three different targets. <br />
In addition to demonstrating the high-quality performance of PhoEnIX, <br />
it also demonstrates a striking lack of ghost ray background due to the <br />
successful implementation of FOXSI-3's collimators (Ref. [3]).<br />
<br />
[[File:340f1.png|400px|thumb|center|Figure 1: <br />
FOXSI/PhoEnIX soft X-ray image produced from a mosaic of three<br />
different targets. <br />
This is the first soft X-ray image of the Sun<br />
produced via single-photon counting.<br />
]]<br />
<br />
[[File:340f2.png|700px|thumb|center|Figure 2: FOXSI observes the<br />
Sun via single photon counting in both hard and soft X-rays. <br />
These panels show data from the PhoEnIX soft X-ray telescope. <br />
The top panels show snapshots of single-photon hits on the fast CMOS detector. These photons can then be binned in space, time, and energy to produce<br />
images, time profiles, and spectra (bottom row).<br />
]]<br />
<br />
== FOXSI-3 Science ==<br />
<br />
Analysis of the data acquired during FOXSI-3's six-minute observation is <br />
currently ongoing. <br />
In addition to FOXSI's own hard and soft X-ray data, several coordinated <br />
instruments observed the primary target, including <br />
[http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/solar_b/ Hinode]/EIS and XRT, <br />
[http://iris.lmsal.com IRIS], and <br />
[https://www.nustar.caltech.edu NuSTAR]. <br />
With this wealth of multiwavelength data, we expect results in the following <br />
areas:<br />
<br />
&bull; Determination of the temperature structure and heating<br />
mechanisms for an aged active region.<br />
<br />
&bull; Measurement of temperature structure of bright points<br />
observed in EUV and X-rays.<br />
<br />
&bull; Limits on non-thermal emission from the quiet Sun, with<br />
corresponding consequences for how the quiet corona is heated.<br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
<br />
The [http://foxsi.umn.edu FOXSI-3] sounding rocket is a collaboration between <br />
the University of Minnesota, University of California Berkeley, NASA/Marshall,<br />
NASA/Goddard, University of Tokyo/Kavli IPMU, Nagoya University,<br />
Tokyo University of Science, JAXA/ISAS, and the National Astronomical<br />
Observatory of Japan. <br />
With three successful flights demonstrating the feasibility and<br />
scientific promise of focusing optics for high-energy solar<br />
observation, FOXSI is currently competing in a concept study for a<br />
Small Explorer spacecraft led by NASA/GSFC.<br />
<br />
The FOXSI-3 sounding rocket is funded by NASA LCAS grant NNX16AL60G.<br />
We acknowledge the NSF for its support of space physics at UMN via<br />
a faculty development grant AGS-1429512. The FOXSI team is grateful<br />
to the NSROC teams at WSMR and Wallops for the excellent operation<br />
of their systems. Furthermore, the authors would like to acknowledge<br />
the contributions of each member of the FOXSI experiment team to<br />
the project, particularly our team members at ISAS and Kavli IPMU<br />
for the provision of Si and CdTe detectors and at MSFC for the<br />
fabrication of the focusing optics. This work was supported by<br />
JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP17H04832, JP16H02170, JP16H03966,<br />
JP24244021, JP20244017, and World Premier International Research<br />
Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan. PhoEnIX work was supported<br />
by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP18H03724, JP18H05463, JP17H04832,<br />
JP16H02170, JP15H03647, JP21540251.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[1] [https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/793/2/L32 "First images from the Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager"]<br />
<br />
[2] [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-017-0269-z "Detection of nanoflare-heated plasma in the solar corona by the FOXSI-2 sounding rocket"]<br />
<br />
[3] [https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274675 "Methods for reducing singly reflected rays on the Wolter-I focusing mirrors of the FOXSI rocket experiment"]</div>Hhudson