Do solar decimetric spikes originate in coronal X-ray sources?

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Introduction

In the standard solar flare scenario, a large number of particles (electrons and protons) are accelerated in the solar corona. Radiative signatures of those particles are found in X-rays and radio wavelenghts, teling us the the particles are non-thermally distributed in energy. Assuming that the same distribution of particles causes both, X-ray and radio emission, one would expect a close relation of the two emission types. Indeed, millisecond spikes have been found to have a high temporal association rate with hard X-rays.

But what about the spatial relations? Sticking to the picture of a coronal acceleration site one would expect coronal X-ray emission and radio spikes to originate from the same positions.

Observations

By combining RHESSI observations (positions of X-ray sources) with Phoenix-2 data (identification of radio spikes) and observations from the Nancay Radio Heliograph (locations of the radio emission in 4 discrete frequencies) in a particularly well observed limb event we can find - at least one - answer to the above question. Figure one shows the radio spectrogram and the thermal and nonthermal X-ray light curves of the event. The spikes occured in the impulsive phase, when the soft X-ray emission was still rising. However, the radio emission is not clearly correlated with the details of the hard X-ray lightcurve.

Figure 1 (left): "Top": Phoenix-2 spectrogram. Narrowband radio spikes occurred during most of the displayed time, but two distinct intervals can be distinguished delimited by white vertical lines in the spectrogram. "Bottom": RHESSI light curves of nonthermal emission and GOES light curve of the 1-8 band produced by thermal emission.

Now let us have a look at the spatial relations. Figure 2 shows GOES/SXI images overlaid with RHESSI contours and the location of the centroid position of Nancay radio data in three frequencies.

Figure 2 (left): The geometry observed for the two intervals defined in Fig. 1. RHESSI contours of the hard X-ray "coronal" sources at 18-22 keV are shown in light blue and at 6-12 keV (thermal) in red. "Footpoint" sources at 25-50 keV are shown in dark blue contours. GOES/SXI images taken during time intervals of spike activity are overlaid in . The time averaged centroid positions of the spikes as observed with Nancay are indicated with differetn symbols for the different frequencies that had spike activity. The error bars give the standard deviation of the individual source positions. The arrow points in the direction of a CME observed by LASCO 10 minutes are the spike observations.

Figure 2 shows that the spike sources do not coincide with neither the footpoints nor the coronal source. The Nugget finder should be informed that sizes of radio sources are always very large, in our case larger than the beams, haveing sizes of typically more than 2 arcminutes. The radio source size is generally supposed to be the result of scattering in the corona. As the signal-to-noise ratios are more than 100, the centroid can still be determined to within typically less than 10 arcsecs. The error bars in Fig. 2 show the standard deviation of the radio peak centroid distribution. The distribution of the centroids is well cinfined compared to the source size, indicating that the scattering is stable in time. Scattering generally moves the position of the radio emission to higher altitude.

The mean displacement of the radio centroids from the coronal hard X-ray source ranges from 79 arcsec (at 327 MHz in time interval 1) to 97 arcsec (410 MHz in time interal 2). In all cases, this exceeds the half width of the beams. Furthermore, the radio centroid positions are not just moved radially out from the coronal source. In addition, the low and high frequencies are displaced from each other horizontally, not radially. These properties are difficult to explain with scattering alone. The data suggest that decimetric spikes do not originate from coronal X-ray flare sources, contrary to previous expectations.

So. what is going on? The X-ray and radio emission do occur in the same flare. The spike observations indicate the presence o non-thermal electrons, possibly originating from additional, spatially separated energy release in the high corona. considering that the spikes occur during the impulsive phase, there appears to be a causal link, direct or indirect, between the spikes and the main flare energy release near or inside the X-ray coronal source.

Biographical Note: Arnold Benz is Professor at ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Marina Battaglia ist a post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Glasgow, Scotland.