Solar effects in the local interstellar medium

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Introduction

The Voyager spacecraft famously have extended humankind's direct experience way out into the local interstellar medium (LISM), and Ref. [1] now describes sudden bursts of relativistic particles that burst out of this deep vacuum.

In a sense we are now now "touching" the LISM and the Sun itself at the same time, with the touches being via the Parker Solar Probe PSP in the inner heliosphere. The LISM, it should be understood, is a very peculiar plasma. The cosmic rays have an energy density comparable to that of the low-temperature gas itself - roughly 1 eV/cm³ for each. Far enough from a star, even the starlight itself has only a comparable energy density, although at the Voyager distances sunlight still matters.

Observations and explanations

One might not expect to see transient features in the interstellar medium, and so the observations of relativistic electrons depicted in Figure 1 must have been unexpected (but see Ref. [2]). This figure shows one of several similar events, observed on both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, the latter having been in the interstellar space for about a decade, and hence far beyond the heliopause and its associated termination shock.

Figure 1: Time series of Voyager 2 data showing an interstellar particle event in 2020: top, 5-100 MeV electrons; bottom, electric field. The delay between particles and waves results from the magnetic connectivity; the particles have propagated some large distance from their point of origin elsewhere in the shock structure (see Figure 2 for the geometry).

The working hypothesis, as illustrated in the cartoon of Figure 2, is that flares and CMEs far back at the Sun, and long before the event, drove ICME isturbances out into the heliopause, driving a global shock front beyond it and into the interstellar medium. One direct signature of the shock is electron plasma oscillations (Langmuir waves) at very low frequencies, because of the very low densities (below 0.1 particles/cm³) that far out into the heliosphere.

Figure 2: The "interstellar foreshock model" explaining the phemonena: Solar activity produces a global heliospheric disturbance preceded by a roughly spherical shock wave. Low-energy electrons accelerated within this shock generate Langmuir waves as they fill the forechock region; meanwhile the region of the shock where the interstellar magnetic field is almost tangential can reflect and accelerate cosmic-ray electrons already present everywhere. These relativistic electrons are more promptly detected, resulting in the observed time delay.

These effects result from solar eruptions that only generate energy and momentum on time scales of minutes to tens of minutes, but in the interstellar medium require very long integrations (Figure 1 shows 24-hour averages of data in a time sequence of 50 days)x The interstellar effects detectable appear many months after the flare/CME happened, and in fact may reflect multiple event merged together during their long trip outward.

Conclusions

The Voyager observations reported from beyond the heliopause show solar effects, which is remarkable; Voyager 1 had detected eight such events at the time of writing. In a sense this capability marks the dawn of in situ astronomy, but thus far the only detectable transients seen from an interstellar perspective turn out to be from the Sun.

References

[1] "A Foreshock Model for Interstellar Shocks of Solar Origin: Voyager 1 and 2 Observations"

[2] "Interpretation of the Disturbance in Galactic Cosmic Rays Observed on Voyager 1 beyond the Heliopause"