BARREL Balloon Observations and History
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AlexaHalford (Talk | contribs) (updated to correct some of the BARREL specific stuff.) |
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|first_author = Greg Bowers | |first_author = Greg Bowers | ||
|second_author = Alexa Halford | |second_author = Alexa Halford | ||
+ | |third_author = Sara McGregor | ||
|publish_date = February 17, 2014 | |publish_date = February 17, 2014 | ||
|previous_nugget = [[Instantaneous Flare Properties]] | |previous_nugget = [[Instantaneous Flare Properties]] | ||
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of Dartmouth College is the lead scientist of this ambitious experiment. | of Dartmouth College is the lead scientist of this ambitious experiment. | ||
As with the original Peterson-Winckler experiment, BARREL wasn't designed | As with the original Peterson-Winckler experiment, BARREL wasn't designed | ||
- | to study solar | + | to study solar active regions, but some of their signals come through loud and clear. |
- | + | ||
BARREL's instrumentation allows it to study the precipitation of | BARREL's instrumentation allows it to study the precipitation of | ||
relativistic electrons from the Earth's | relativistic electrons from the Earth's | ||
- | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Van Allen Belts | + | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Van Allen Belts]. |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
== How BARREL Works == | == How BARREL Works == | ||
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the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_vortex vortex winds] | the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_vortex vortex winds] | ||
at high altitudes in the polar regions. | at high altitudes in the polar regions. | ||
- | At any one time | + | At any one time an array of 1 - 8 balloons float around |
- | the Antarctic | + | the Antarctic. Power comes from solar cells, and data is retrieved over the iridium satellite network to an automated real-time webpage, |
- | Power comes from solar cells, and | + | allowing the ground-based scientists to follow along. Multi-point measurements allow us to better determine temporal and spatial structures in the radiation belts. |
- | satellite network | + | |
- | allowing the ground-based scientists to follow along. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
A rather fine | A rather fine | ||
[http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-funded-science-balloons-launch-in-antarctica/#.UwJH_yj5Q-Y video] | [http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-funded-science-balloons-launch-in-antarctica/#.UwJH_yj5Q-Y video] | ||
describes the basic program better than we can here. | describes the basic program better than we can here. | ||
- | We do show a pretty picture | + | We do show a pretty picture in Figure 1, though, taken at the launch of a BARREL |
balloon from the South African Antarctic station | balloon from the South African Antarctic station | ||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SANAE_IV SANAE]. | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SANAE_IV SANAE]. | ||
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it is just after launch; the red parachute, furled, and the payload itself. | it is just after launch; the red parachute, furled, and the payload itself. | ||
The payload itself weighs only about 20 kg, and is whisked eventually | The payload itself weighs only about 20 kg, and is whisked eventually | ||
- | up to 30-35 km | + | up to 30-35 km. |
The balloon can maintain this altitude for the time it takes to | The balloon can maintain this altitude for the time it takes to | ||
circumnavigate the globe, albeit at very | circumnavigate the globe, albeit at very | ||
Line 87: | Line 79: | ||
the upper atmosphere. | the upper atmosphere. | ||
The time variations reveal the presence of interesting phenomena, and the | The time variations reveal the presence of interesting phenomena, and the | ||
- | detector records their spectra over a wide energy range | + | detector records their spectra over a wide energy range. |
The solar gamma-rays and hard X-rays result from similar physics, but | The solar gamma-rays and hard X-rays result from similar physics, but | ||
with the collisions taking place in the solar atmosphere instead of the Earth's. | with the collisions taking place in the solar atmosphere instead of the Earth's. | ||
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== BARREL Solar Observations == | == BARREL Solar Observations == | ||
- | The BARREL detectors respond to many things | + | The BARREL detectors respond to many things. |
- | + | The full list would include many sources of cosmic X-rays, the Sun as we show in this nugget, the Van Allen Belts by design, and radiation from | |
- | The full list would include many sources of cosmic X-rays, the Sun as | + | |
- | + | ||
the Earth's atmosphere. | the Earth's atmosphere. | ||
- | For each of these components, the others would be termed "background | + | For each of these components, the others would often be termed "background |
- | radiation" | + | radiation". When studying one of these events, the others reduce the quality of the observation. However, these other events can sometimes help with the calibration of our data. for instance, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation_radiation annihilation line] in the atmosphere is used to help calibrate the energy of the events we look at and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst Gamma Ray Bursts] have been found to be useful in making sure the timing of our events is correct between payloads. Some times these other sources are useful and sometimes not, but that is |
- | how | + | how science usually works! |
- | Figure 2 shows the BARREL responses to the | + | Figure 2 shows the BARREL responses to the active region on the Sun which included an M-Class flare |
- | SOL2014-02-07T10:29. | + | SOL2014-02-07T10:29 as well as radio bursts. |
- | Note that BARREL payload "2O" missed out, | + | Note that BARREL payload "2O" missed out, (the lower left |
- | panels) | + | panels). It was at a lower altitude which may have resulted in severe extinction of the incident solar radiation, |
- | + | ||
especially since the Sun is low on the horizon even at high noon at | especially since the Sun is low on the horizon even at high noon at | ||
- | such latitudes | + | such latitudes. |
[[File:219f2.png|800px|thumb|center|Fig. 2: | [[File:219f2.png|800px|thumb|center|Fig. 2: | ||
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BARREL balloons flying on 7 February; and their heights and local | BARREL balloons flying on 7 February; and their heights and local | ||
times (longitudes). | times (longitudes). | ||
- | On the right is the clear response two of them gave to the | + | On the right is the clear response two of them gave to the solar active region at |
10:28 UT. | 10:28 UT. | ||
]] | ]] | ||
- | + | Both RHESSI and [http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/fermi_solar/ Fermi] | |
- | + | routinely produce comparable or better data for solar active regions such as these. However, as the BARREL balloons are always up, and for the majority of January are completely sun-lit, the balloons do not go into eclipse. Thus this small balloon mission may be able to help add data to the study of these solar active regions. | |
- | [http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/fermi_solar/ Fermi] | + | |
- | routinely produce comparable or better data for | + | |
- | + | ||
- | be | + | |
- | + | ||
== Conclusions == | == Conclusions == | ||
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(soft X-rays, hard X-rays, gamma rays, | (soft X-rays, hard X-rays, gamma rays, | ||
[http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/sep.html "solar cosmic rays"]), | [http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/sep.html "solar cosmic rays"]), | ||
- | where many interesting properties of solar | + | where many interesting properties of solar active regions at high energies |
- | were first discovered a half-century ago, | + | were first discovered a half-century ago, by Winckler and his group. |
== References == | == References == |
Revision as of 15:33, 19 February 2014
Nugget | |
---|---|
Number: | 219 |
1st Author: | Greg Bowers |
2nd Author: | Alexa Halford |
Published: | February 17, 2014 |
Next Nugget: | TBD |
Previous Nugget: | Instantaneous Flare Properties |
List all |
Contents |
Introduction
Solar hard X-rays and gamma-rays were discovered in the middle of the last century via balloon-borne instruments [Ref. 1] deployed by the Minnesota physicists L.E. Peterson and J.R. Winckler; the latter also discovered sprites. By modern naming convention, we'd call their flare SOL1958-03-20T13:05, but it preceded any useful soft X-ray observations and so there is no GOES classification of the event. Peterson & Winckler do report the simultaneous occurrence of a "magnetic crotchet," as also detected in the case of the Carrington flare in 1859. Such a geomagnetic effect clearly indicates the presence of strong solar soft X-ray emission along with the high-energy radiations discovered from the balloon.
In this Nugget we report recent balloon-borne observations from multiple balloons of the BARREL expedition to the Antarctic. Robyn MIllan of Dartmouth College is the lead scientist of this ambitious experiment. As with the original Peterson-Winckler experiment, BARREL wasn't designed to study solar active regions, but some of their signals come through loud and clear. BARREL's instrumentation allows it to study the precipitation of relativistic electrons from the Earth's Van Allen Belts.
How BARREL Works
A stream of small balloons circles the Antarctic continent, following the vortex winds at high altitudes in the polar regions. At any one time an array of 1 - 8 balloons float around the Antarctic. Power comes from solar cells, and data is retrieved over the iridium satellite network to an automated real-time webpage, allowing the ground-based scientists to follow along. Multi-point measurements allow us to better determine temporal and spatial structures in the radiation belts. A rather fine video describes the basic program better than we can here. We do show a pretty picture in Figure 1, though, taken at the launch of a BARREL balloon from the South African Antarctic station SANAE.
The instrumentation on each BARREL payload consists of a simple isotropically sensitive sodium iodide scintillation counter. This responds well to the gamma-rays and hard X-rays resulting from bremsstrahlung as the expected relativistic electrons undergo atomic collisions in the upper atmosphere. The time variations reveal the presence of interesting phenomena, and the detector records their spectra over a wide energy range. The solar gamma-rays and hard X-rays result from similar physics, but with the collisions taking place in the solar atmosphere instead of the Earth's.
BARREL Solar Observations
The BARREL detectors respond to many things. The full list would include many sources of cosmic X-rays, the Sun as we show in this nugget, the Van Allen Belts by design, and radiation from the Earth's atmosphere. For each of these components, the others would often be termed "background radiation". When studying one of these events, the others reduce the quality of the observation. However, these other events can sometimes help with the calibration of our data. for instance, the annihilation line in the atmosphere is used to help calibrate the energy of the events we look at and Gamma Ray Bursts have been found to be useful in making sure the timing of our events is correct between payloads. Some times these other sources are useful and sometimes not, but that is how science usually works!
Figure 2 shows the BARREL responses to the active region on the Sun which included an M-Class flare SOL2014-02-07T10:29 as well as radio bursts. Note that BARREL payload "2O" missed out, (the lower left panels). It was at a lower altitude which may have resulted in severe extinction of the incident solar radiation, especially since the Sun is low on the horizon even at high noon at such latitudes.
Both RHESSI and Fermi routinely produce comparable or better data for solar active regions such as these. However, as the BARREL balloons are always up, and for the majority of January are completely sun-lit, the balloons do not go into eclipse. Thus this small balloon mission may be able to help add data to the study of these solar active regions.
Conclusions
BARREL reminds us of the origins of solar high-energy astrophysics (soft X-rays, hard X-rays, gamma rays, "solar cosmic rays"), where many interesting properties of solar active regions at high energies were first discovered a half-century ago, by Winckler and his group.
References
RHESSI Nugget Date | 17 February 2014 + |
RHESSI Nugget First Author | Greg Bowers + |
RHESSI Nugget Index | 219 + |
RHESSI Nugget Second Author | Alexa Halford + |